Toll Payment Obligation in the Strait of Hormuz in Charter Party Contracts: Analysis of Legal Conflict, Civil Liability of the Parties and International Dispute Resolution Forums
Downloads
The Strait of Hormuz is a strategic maritime route connecting the Persian Gulf with the Indian Ocean and serves as a transit corridor for much of the global energy trade. Current geopolitical dynamics demonstrate Iran's tendency to use control over the strait as an instrument of pressure on international actors, one form of which can be seen in the discourse on imposing tolls on passing vessels. This situation raises serious legal problems in the context of charter parties as contractual instruments for international maritime transport. This study analyzes two main issues: first, how the choice of law in a charter party regulates civil liability between shipowners and charterers when one party is unilaterally obliged to pay a toll by Iran; second, which forum is authorized and which law applies in resolving civil disputes between shipowners, charterers, and cargo owners due to losses incurred. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of the analysis show that the governing law and war/piracy risk clauses in the charter party determine the allocation of toll burdens, while the London arbitration forum (LMAA) with English lex arbitri dominates the resolution of similar international maritime disputes.
Abdul Nassir Mukhtar, Zein. “Party Autonomy Principle in the Rome Convention 1980 and Rome I Regulation (Regulation (EC) 593/2008) Texts—Do They Detract from the Need for Certainty and Predictability in Terms of Allocating Jurisdiction in Contractual Matters?” 2025.
Anwar, Syamsul Musbahul, Wiwik Sri Widiarty, and Binoto Nadapdap. “Analisa Yuridis General Average Action terhadap Surat Perjanjian Angkutan Laut dengan Sistem Time Charter yang Berlaku di Indonesia.” Jurnal Sosial Teknologi 5, no. 6 (2025): 1991–2002.
Bowers, Jamie. “The Significance of the Ocean Victory Case in Maritime Insurance.” Southampton Student Law Review 14 (2024): 10.
Defriza, Rita. “Putusan Arbitrase Tidak Dapat Dieksekusi: Analisis Perbandingan Hukum Arbitrase Indonesia, New York Convention, UNCITRAL, dan SIAC.” Jurnal Hukum Sasana 12, no. 1 (2026): 107–121.
Fahmi, Muhammad Saiful, Ilham Majid, and Ricardo Goncalves Klau. Buku Ajar Hukum Laut. PT Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia, 2025.
Grechishnikov, Aleksandr Vasil'evich. “Place of Transit Passage in the System of International Maritime Law and Its Comparison with Innocent Passage.” International Law 4 (2025): 116–128.
Grey, Felicia A. “The English Law Doctrine of Frustration in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Business Law Review 45, no. 1 (2024).
Grierson, Jacob. “Two Brief Comments on the Law Commission’s Proposed Reform of the Arbitration Act 1996.” Journal of International Arbitration 39, no. 6 (2022).
Hamzei, Samad, Amirmahdi Zarboo, and Emad Koochaknejad. “Field Investigation of Water Mass Stratification and Variability in the Strait of Hormuz.” International Journal of Coastal, Offshore and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 4 (2025): 45–54.
Hasan, Habib. “Penerapan Pembatalan Putusan Arbitrase Internasional dalam Perspektif Hukum di Indonesia (Studi Putusan Kasasi Nomor: 219B/Pdt. Sus. Artb/2016).” Dharmasisya: Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI 2, no. 1 (2022): 31.
Karagiannis, Syméon. “Reflections on Article 43 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.” In International Straits: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 131–167. Brill Nijhoff, 2026.
Matsushita, Jake. “The Scope of the Implied Indemnity: Sino East Transportation Ltd v Grand Amazon Shipping Ltd (The Grand Amanda) [2025] EWHC 1990 (Comm).” Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal 39, no. 2 (2025): 14–24.
Munib, Abdul. “Kompilasi Tujuan Perkawinan dalam Hukum Positif, Hukum Adat, dan Hukum Islam.” Voice Justisia: Jurnal Hukum dan Keadilan 6, no. 2 (2022): 36–48.
Nikpayam, Amirmohammad, and Niloofar Kamyab Mansouri. “The Arrest of Ships in the Iranian Legal System.” Journal of Iran and Central Eurasia Studies 8, no. 1 (2025).
Nordfjeld, Adriana Avila Zuniga, Dimitrios Dalaklis, Harold Thomas Workman, and Johan Granholm. “Lessons of the Russian-Ukraine Armed Conflict on Marine Insurance, Shipping and Food Security: A Matter of Blockade or Starvation?” Journal of Maritime Research 22, no. 2 (2025): 254–263.
Nugraheni, Prasasti Dyah, and Andrianantenaina Fanirintsoa Aime. “Completion of International Disputes between Nicaragua and United States in International Law Perspective.” Law Research Review Quarterly 8, no. 2 (2022): 185–202.
Putra, Albert Fajar Yuga Yusdi, Dwi Fitriana, and Khetrin Triananda. “Menguji Asas Kebebasan Berkontrak dalam Smart Contract: Apa yang Wajib Diketahui Para Pihak?” Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat dan Riset Pendidikan 4, no. 4 (2026): 24393–24401.
Putri, Jufianty Trisna. “Penyelesaian Masalah Kontrak Ekspor Meubel Ditinjau dari Hukum Perdagangan Internasional (Studi Kasus di CV Haqure Furniture).” PhD diss., Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2024.
Solski, Jan Jakub. “The ‘Due Regard’ of Article 234 of UNCLOS: Lessons from Regulating Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea.” Ocean Development & International Law 52, no. 4 (2022): 398–418.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Amid Regional Conflict, the Strait of Hormuz Remains Critical Oil Chokepoint.” Diakses 29 April 2026. www.eia.gov.
Voudouris, Ioannis, and Evi Plomaritou. “Comparative Study of Voyage Charterparties in Dry and Liquid Bulk Markets.” Perspectives of Law and Public Administration 13, no. 4 (2024): 536–555.
Wiratama, Aldi, Ajie Haikal, and Zainudin Hasan. “Pendekatan Sosiologi Hukum dalam Memahami Konflik Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan 8 (2022): 206–212.
Zaheeruddin, Mohammed. “Recognition and Enforcement of Annulled Arbitral Awards under the New York Convention 1958.” International Journal of Professional Business Review 8, no. 7 (2023): 75.
Zainuddin, Muhammad, and Aisyah Dinda Karina. “Penggunaan Metode Yuridis Normatif dalam Membuktikan Kebenaran pada Penelitian Hukum.” Smart Law Journal 2, no. 2 (2023): 114–123.
Zharikov, Andrii. “Arbitral Award Publications by the London Maritime Arbitrators Association: Improving the Policy for a Greater Impact.” Tulane Maritime Law Journal 47 (2023): 245.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kurdi, Akhmad Ikraam, Teuku Ahmad Dadek (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with the Ekasakti Journal of law and Justice agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
